Vibration Analysis for Electronic Equipment

, by Steinberg, Dave S.

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ISBN: 9780471376859 | 047137685X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/11/2000

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Summary

Author Biography

Supplemental Materials

This book deals with the analysis of various types of vibration environments that can lead to the failure of electronic systems or components.

Preface

xvii

List of Symbols

xix

Introduction

(16)

Vibration Sources

(1)

Definitions

(1)

Vibration Representation

(1)

Degrees of Freedom

(2)

Vibration Modes

(1)

Vibration Nodes

(1)

Coupled Modes

(1)

Fasteners

(3)

Electronic Equipment for Airplanes and Missiles

(3)

Electronic Equipment for Ship and Submarines

(2)

Electronic Equipment for Automobiles, Trucks, and Trains

(1)

Electronics for Oil Drilling Equipment

(1)

Electronics for Computers, Communication, and Entertainment

(1)

Vibrations of Simple Electronic Systems

(22)

Single Spring-Mass System Without Damping

(4)

Sample Problem---Natural Frequency of a Cantilever Beam

(2)

Single-Degree-of-Freedom Torsional Systems

(2)

Sample Problem---Natural Frequency of a Torsion System

(1)

Springs in Series and Parallel

(3)

Sample Problem---Resonant Frequency of a Spring System

(1)

Relation of Frequency and Acceleration to Displacement

(4)

Sample Problem---Natural Frequency and Stress in a Beam

(3)

Forced Vibrations with Viscous Damping

(4)

Transmissibility as a Function of Frequency

(2)

Sample Problem---Relating the Resonant Frequency to the Dynamic Displacement

(2)

Multiple Spring---Mass Systems Without Damping

(3)

Sample Problem---Resonant Frequency of a System

(2)

Component Lead Wire and Solder Joint Vibration Fatigue Life

(17)

Introduction

(1)

Vibration Problems with Components Mounted High Above the PCB

(4)

Sample Problem---Vibration Fatigue Life in the Wires of a TO-5 Transistor

(3)

Vibration Fatigue Life in Solder Joints of a TO-5 Transistor

(2)

Recommendations to Fix the Wire Vibration Problem

(1)

Dynamic Forces Developed in Transformer Wires During Vibration

(3)

Sample Problem---Dynamic Forces and Fatigue Life in Transformer Lead Wires

(3)

Relative Displacements Between PCB and Component Produce Lead Wire Strain

(7)

Sample Problem---Effects of PCB Displacement on Hybrid Reliability

(6)

Beam Structures for Electronic Subassemblies

(19)

Natural Frequency of a Uniform Beam

(8)

Sample Problem---Natural Frequencies of Beams

(4)

Nonuniform Cross Sections

(5)

Sample Problem---Natural Frequency of a Box with Nonuniform Sections

(1)

Composite Beams

(6)

Component Lead Wires as Bents, Frames, and Arcs

(28)

Electronic Components Mounted on Circuit Boards

(2)

Bent with a Lateral Load---Hinged Ends

(3)

Strain Energy---Bent with Hinged Ends

(3)

Strain Energy---Bent with Fixed Ends

(7)

Strain Energy---Cricular Arc with Hinged Ends

(2)

Strain Energy---Circular Arc with Fixed Ends

(2)

Strain Energy---Circular Arcs for Lead Wire Strain Relief

(9)

Sample Problem---Adding an Offset in a Wire to Increase the Fatigue Life

(6)

Printed Circuit Boards and Flat Plates

103

(47)

Various Types of Printed Circuit Boards

103

(3)

Changes in Circuit Board Edge Conditions

106

(2)

Estimating the Transmissibility of a Printed Circuit Board

108

(3)

Natural Frequency Using a Trigonometric Series

111

(5)

Natural Frequency Using a Polynomial Series

116

(6)

Sample Problem---Resonant Frequency of a PCB

120

(2)

Natural Frequency Equations Derived Using the Rayleigh Method

122

(5)

Dynamic Stresses in the Circuit Board

127

(5)

Sample Problem---Vibration Stresses in a PCB

131

(1)

Ribs on Printed Circuit Boards

132

(5)

Ribs Fastened to Circuit Boards with Screws

137

(4)

Printed Circuit Boards With Ribs in Two Directions

141

(1)

Proper Use of Ribs to Stiffen Plates and Circuit Boards

141

(1)

Quick Way to Estimate the Required Rib Spacing for Circuit Boards

142

(2)

Natural Frequencies for Different PCB Shapes with Different Supports

144

(6)

Sample Problem---Natural Frequency of a Triangular PCB with Three Point Supports

149

(1)

Octave Rule, Snubbing, and Damping to Increase the PCB Fatigue Life

150

(16)

Dynamic Coupling Between the PCBs and Their Support Structures

150

(4)

Effects of Loose Edge Guides on Plug-in Type PCBs

154

(1)

Description of Dynamic Computer Study for the Octave Rule

154

(1)

The Forward Octave Rule Always Works

155

(1)

The Reverse Octave Rule Must Have Lightweight PCBs

155

(2)

Sample Problem---Vibration Problems with Relays Mounted on PCBs

156

(1)

Proposed Corrective Action for Relays

157

(2)

Using Snubbers to Reduce PCB Displacements and Stresses

159

(3)

Sample Problem---Adding Snubbers to Improve PCB Reliability

161

(1)

Controlling the PCB Transmissibility with Damping

162

(1)

Properties of Material Damping

162

(1)

Constrained Layer Damping with Viscoelastic Materials

163

(1)

Why Stiffening Ribs on PCBs are Often Better than Damping

164

(1)

Problems with PCB Viscoelastic Dampers

164

(2)

Preventing Sinusoidal Vibration Failures in Electronic Equipment

166

(22)

Introduction

166

(1)

Estimating the Vibration Fatigue Life

167

(2)

Sample Problem---Qualification Test for an Electronic System

168

(1)

Electronic Component Lead Wire Strain Relief

169

(2)

Designing PCBs for Sinusoidal Vibration Environments

171

(4)

Sample Problem---Determining Desired PCB Resonant Frequency

174

(1)

How Location and Orientation of Component on PCB Affect Life

175

(2)

How Wedge Clamps Affect the PCB Resonant Frequency

177

(5)

Sample Problem---Resonant Frequency of PCB with Side Wedge Clamps

179

(3)

Effects of Loose PCB Side Edge Guides

182

(3)

Sample Problem---Resonant Frequency of PCB with Loose Edge Guides

185

(1)

Sine Sweep Through a Resonance

185

(3)

Sample Problem---Fatigue Cycles Accumulated During a Sine Sweep

187

(1)

Designing Electronics for Random Vibration

188

(46)

Introduction

188

(1)

Basic Failure Modes in Random Vibration

188

(1)

Characteristics of Random Vibration

189

(1)

Differences Between Sinusoidal and Random Vibrations

190

(2)

Random Vabration Input Curves

192

(1)

Sample Problem---Determining the Input RMS Acceleration Level

193

(1)

Random Vibration Units

193

(1)

Shaped Random Vibration Input Curves

194

(3)

Sample Problem---Input RMS Accelerations for Sloped PSD Curves

195

(2)

Relation Between Decibels and Slope

197

(1)

Integration Method for Obtaining the Area Under a PSD Curve

198

(2)

Finding Points on the PSD Curve

200

(1)

Sample Problem---Finding PSD Values

200

(1)

Using Basic Logarithms to Find Points on the PSD Curve

201

(1)

Probability Distribution Functions

202

(1)

Gaussian or Normal Distribution Curve

202

(2)

Correlating Random Vibration Failures Using the Three-Band Technique

204

(1)

Rayleigh Distribution Function

205

(1)

Response of a Single-Degree-of-Freedom System to Random Vibration

206

(8)

Sample Problem---Estimating the Random Vibration Fatigue Life

208

(6)

How PCBs Respond to Random Vibration

214

(1)

Designing PCBs for Random Vibration Environments

215

(5)

Sample Problem---Finding the Desired PCB Resonant Frequency

218

(2)

Effects of Relative Motion on Component Fatigue Life

220

(2)

Sample Problem---Component Fatigue Life

221

(1)

It's the Input PSD that Counts, Not the Input RMS Acceleration

222

(1)

Connector Wear and Surface Fretting Corrosion

223

(1)

Sample Problem---Determining Approximate Connector Fatigue Life

224

(1)

Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom System

224

(1)

Octave Rule for Random Vibration

225

(6)

Sample Problem---Response of Chassis and PCB to Random Vibration

226

(3)

Sample Problem---Dynamic Analysis of an Electronic Chassis

229

(2)

Determining the Number of Positive Zero Crossings

231

(3)

Sample Problem---Determining the Number of Positive Zero Crossings

233

(1)

Acoustic Noise Effects on Electronics

234

(14)

Introduction

234

(1)

Sample Problem---Determining the Sound Pressure Level

234

(1)

Microphonic Effects in Electronic Equipment

235

(1)

Methods for Generating Acoustic Noise Tests

236

(2)

One-Third Octave Bandwidth

238

(1)

Determining the Sound Pressure Spectral Density

238

(1)

Sound Pressure Response to Acoustic Noise Excitation

239

(6)

Sample Problem---Fatigue Life of a Sheet-Metal Panel Exposed to Acoustic Noise

240

(5)

Determining the Acceleration Spectral Density

245

(3)

Sample Problem---Alternate Method of Acoustic Noise Analysis

246

(2)

Designing Electronics for Shock Environments

248

(52)

Introduction

248

(1)

Specifying the Shock Environment

249

(2)

Pulse Shock

251

(1)

Half-Sine Shock Pulse for Zero Rebound and Full Rebound

252

(5)

Sample Problem---Half-Sine Shock-Pulse Drop Test

253

(4)

Response of Electronic Structures to Shock Pulses

257

(1)

Respoinse of a Simple System to Various Shock Pulses

258

(2)

How PCBs Respond to Shock Pulses

260

(1)

Determining the Desired PCB Resonant Frequency for Shock

260

(4)

Sample Problem---Response of a PCB to a Half-Sine Shock Pulse

262

(2)

Response of PCB to Other Shock Pulses

264

(5)

Sample Problem---Shock Response of a Transformer Mounting Bracket

265

(4)

Equivalent Shock Pulse

269

(5)

Sample Problem---Shipping Crate for an Electronic Box

269

(5)

Low Values of the Frequency Ratio R

274

(1)

Sample Problem---Shock Amplification for Low Frequency Ratio R

274

(1)

Shock Isolators

275

(2)

Sample Problem---Heat Developed in an Isolator

276

(1)

Information Required for Shock Isolators

277

(4)

Sample Problem---Selecting a Set of Shock Isolators

278

(3)

Ringing Effects in Systems with Light Damping

281

(1)

How Two-Degree-of-Freedom Systems Respond to Shock

282

(2)

The Octave Rule for Shock

284

(1)

Velocity Shock

285

(1)

Sample Problem---Designing a Cabinet for Velocity Shock

285

(1)

Nonlinear Velocity Shock

286

(2)

Sample Problem---Cushioning Material for a Sensitive Electronic Box

288

(1)

Shock Response Spectrum

288

(3)

How Chassis and PCBs Respond to Shock

291

(5)

Sample Problem---Shock Response Spectrum Analysis for Chassis and PCB

292

(4)

How Pyrotechnic Shock Can Affect Electronic Components

296

(4)

Sample Problem---Resonant Frequency of a Hybrid Die Bond Wire

298

(2)

Design and Analysis of Electronic Boxes

300

(30)

Introduction

300

(1)

Different Types of Mounts

300

(3)

Preliminary Dynamic Analysis

303

(2)

Bolted Covers

305

(3)

Coupled Modes

308

(3)

Dynamic Loads in a Chassis

311

(5)

Bending Stresses in the Chassis

316

(2)

Buckling Stress Ratio for Bending

318

(2)

Torsional Stresses in the Chassis

320

(4)

Buckling Stress Ratio for Shear

324

(1)

Margin of Safety for Buckling

325

(1)

Center-of-Gravity Mount

326

(2)

Simple Method for Obtaining Dynamic Forces and Stresses on a Chassis

328

(2)

Effects of Manufcaturing Methods on the Reliability of Electronics

330

(16)

Introduction

330

(1)

Typical Tolerances in Electronic Components and Lead Wires

331

(2)

Sample Problem---Effects of PCB Tolerances on Frequency and Fatigue Life

332

(1)

Problems Associated with Tolerances on PCB Thickness

333

(1)

Effects of Poor Bonding Methods on Structural Stiffness

334

(1)

Soldering Small Axial Leaded Components on Through-Hole PCBs

335

(1)

Areas Where Poor Manufacturing Methods Have Been Known to Cause Problems

336

(2)

Avionic Integrity Program and Automotive Integrity Program (AVIP)

338

(2)

The Basic Philosophy for Performing an AVIP Analysis

340

(3)

Different Perspectives of Reliability

343

(3)

Vibration Fixtures and Vibration Testing

346

(33)

Vibration Simulation Equipment

346

(1)

Mounting the Vibration Machine

347

(1)

Vibration Test Fixtures

347

(1)

Basic Fixture Design Considerations

348

(2)

Effective Spring Rates for Bolts

350

(2)

Bolt Preload Torque

352

(1)

Sample Problem---Determining Desired Bolt Torque

353

(1)

Rocking Modes and Overturning Moments

353

(2)

Oil-Film Slider Tables

355

(1)

Vibration Fixture Counterweights

356

(1)

A Summary for Good Fixture Design

357

(1)

Suspension Systems

357

(1)

Mechanical Fuses

358

(1)

Distinguishing Bending Modes from Rocking Modes

359

(1)

Push-Bar Couplings

360

(4)

Slider Plate Longitudinal Resonance

364

(1)

Acceleration Force Capability of Shaker

365

(1)

Positioning the Servo-Control Accelerometer

366

(1)

More Accurate Method for Estimating the Transmissibility Q in Structures

367

(2)

Sample Problem---Transmissibility Expected for a Plug-in PCB

368

(1)

Vibration Testing Case Histories

369

(1)

Cross-Coupling Effects in Vibration Test Fixtures

369

(1)

Progressive Vibration Shear Failures in Bolted Structures

370

(1)

Vibration Push-Bar Couplers with Bolts Loaded in Shear

371

(2)

Bolting PCB Centers Together to Improve Their Vibration Fatigue Life

373

(2)

Vibration Failures Caused by Careless Manufacturing Methods

375

(1)

Alleged Vibration Failure that was Really Caused by Dropping a Large Chassis

376

(1)

Methods for Increasing the Vibration and Shock Capability on Existing Systems

377

(2)

Environmental Stress Screening for Electronic Equipment (ESSEE)

379

(22)

Introduction

379

(1)

Environmental Stress Screening Philosophy

379

(2)

Screening Environments

381

(2)

Things an Acceptable Screen Are Expected to Do

383

(1)

Things an Acceptable Screen Are Not Expected to Do

383

(1)

To Screen or Not to Screen, That is the Problem

384

(1)

Preparations Prior to the Start of a Screening Program

384

(3)

Combined Thermal Cycling, Random Vibration, and Electrical Operation

387

(2)

Separate Thermal Cycling, Random Vibration, and Electrical Operation

389

(1)

Importance of the Screening Environment Sequence

389

(1)

How Damage Can Be Developed in a Thermal Cycling Screen

390

(2)

Estimating the Amount of Fatigue Life Used Up in a Random Vibration Screen

392

(9)

Sample Problem---Fatigue Life Used Up in Vibration and Thermal Cycling Screen

395

(6)

Bibliography

401

(4)

Index

405

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Vibration Analysis for Electronic Equipment

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials